In 2013, the aspiration to resuscitate the route was introduced under the prospect of “Silk Road Economic Belts” during President Xi Jinping’s official visit to Kazakhstan.Wu Jiao and Zhang Yunbi, “Xi Proposes a ‘new Silk Road’ with Central Asia”, China Daily, September 08, 2013, Accessed August 07, 2018, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228_2.htm. Months later, during his visit to Indonesia, President Xi again vowed to develop the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” by developing seaports that connecting Asia to Europe.Rajeev Ranjan Chaturvedy, “The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,” ORF, February 10, 2017, Accessed August 07, 2018, https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-21st-century-maritime-silk-road/. President Xi’s initiative was formally known as the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI).